![]() This demographic data in turn affects public policy and civil rights law. The United States government recognizes distinctions between the concept of race and ethnicity, and sorts individuals as White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, or “other.” It also recognizes two ethnicities: Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino. Marcia and Millie Biggs say they’ve never been subjected to racism-just curiosity and surprise that twins could have such different skin colors. In general, people can adopt or deny ethnic affiliations more readily than racial ones, though different ethnicities have been folded into racial categories during different periods of history. Race and ethnicity are often regarded as the same, but the social and biological sciences consider the concepts distinct. In turn, racial prejudice confers social privilege to some and social and physical disparities to others, and is widely expressed in hierarchies that privilege people with white skin over people with darker skin colors. Racial bias fuels social exclusion, discrimination and violence against people from certain social groups. Though race has no genetic basis, the social concept of race still shapes human experiences. Genetic tests cannot be used to verify or determine race or ethnicity, though the tests themselves are associated with an increased belief in racial differences. ![]() But those variations cannot be tracked to distinct biological categories. Humans do have genetic variations, some of which were once associated with ancestry from different parts of the world. Neither race nor ethnicity is detectable in the human genome. ![]()
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